References

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clay surface. Considering the susceptibility of pesticides to acid or base catalyzed

hydrolysis, the soil pH also affects it [37].

6.7.4

Organic Matter

By offering nutrients for cell growth, organic compounds will also regulate the pes-

ticide movement by adsorption process, thus biodegradation is affected. Soil organic

compounds will aid in the biodegradation of pesticides. A decreased microbial degra-

dation by stimulating pesticide adsorption is observed. When organic materials are

added to swamp soils, they help in the rise of the bacterial degradation of pesticides.

Reports claim to have degraded linuron by microbial activity in non-sterilized soils

and it was purely by the addition of organic matter [26].

6.8

Future Perspectives

As compared to different remediation techniques, i.e. thermal disposition, incin-

eration, etc., a brighter future is seen for bioremediation for the degradation

of pesticides [38]. A study conducted to understand the degeneration of target

compounds in the provinces claimed that the tactics do not stretch the measure of

the biological status or functioning of the degrader microbes. The further creation

of toxic arbitrates can prevent the process or increase the risk of grade in soil.

Such a backdrop happens among the developments in laboratory research. Lack

of information to know the complete mechanism of contaminant degradation rate

and lack of selected study centers and lack of technology demonstrations act as

major backdrops. To rush the development of innovative techniques which are fast,

reliable, and cost-effective is urgently needed. Development of accessible, expanded,

and well-documented databases in the field of bioremediation is required [28].

References

1 World Health Organisation under Health topics on Pesticides. https://www.who

.int/ceh/capacity/Pesticides.pdf.

2 Mulla, S.I., Ameen, F., Talwar, M.P. et al. (2020). Organophosphate pesticides:

impact on environment, toxicity, and their degradation. In: Bioremediation of

Industrial Waste for Environmental Safety (eds. G. Saxena and R.N. Bharagava),

265–290. Singapore: Springer Singapore https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-1891-

7_13.

3 Pesticide classification on use, chemical nature, formulation, toxicity and mode of

action etc. Pesticide Management Division, NIPHM, Hyderabad. https://niphm

.gov.in/Recruitments/ASO-PMD.pdf

4 Valcke, M. (2017). Pesticide exposures and chronic kidney disease of unknown

etiology: an epidemiologic review. Environmental Health 16 (1): 49. https://doi

.org/10.1186/s12940-017-0254-0.